What 1,000 years of golden roses tell us about popes’ authority and influence, from Leo IX to Leo XIV

Popes have bestowed golden roses on warriors, rulers, women – and, increasingly in recent decades, shrines.

金玫瑰是 medieval 教皇君主制少数留存至今的礼仪物品，其赠予对象从封建附庸、君主武将逐步转向女性统治者，最终变为圣母朝圣地。这一变化轨迹折射出教皇权力从政治结盟转向信仰象征的历史。