What 1,000 years of golden roses tell us about popes’ authority and influence, from Leo IX to Leo XIV

Popes have bestowed golden roses on warriors, rulers, women – and, increasingly in recent decades, shrines.

金玫瑰是 medieval 教皇君主制少數留存至今的禮儀物品，其贈予對象從封建附庸、君主武將逐步轉向女性統治者，最終變為聖母朝聖地。這一變化軌跡折射出教皇權力從政治結盟轉向信仰象徵的歷史。